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When a nurse aide observes new swelling in a resident's ankles, the appropriate action is to report the swelling to the charge nurse. This step is crucial because new or worsening swelling can indicate a potential health issue, such as heart failure, kidney problems, or venous insufficiency. By promptly reporting to the charge nurse, the aide ensures that the resident receives the necessary assessment and medical intervention.

While documenting the swelling for future reference may seem important, immediate reporting allows for real-time evaluation and treatment, which is essential in a healthcare setting. Similarly, applying a compression bandage or massaging the area may provide temporary relief, but without a proper assessment by a healthcare professional, these actions could potentially lead to complications or worsen the condition. Therefore, reporting the observation is vital for ensuring the resident's well-being.